While the process and meaning of Havdalah—’separation’, the process of formally ending Shabbat— can be traced to Jewish oral-law, the specific details and sources of Havdalah as a distinct halachic (Jewish legal) practice are not explicitly mentioned in the Torah. The Torah does state that one needs to commemorate the end of Shabbat, as Vayirka (Leviticus) 10:10 says “for you must distinguish between the sacred and the profane; between what is impure and what is clean”. This gives the concept, while the sources for the halachic details of rituals and Judaica items are primarily found in the Talmud and subsequent rabbinic literature.
The Talmud, specifically in tractate Berachot, discusses the laws and practices of Havdalah. It provides insights into the components and structure of the ceremony, including the blessings over wine, spices, and the candle, as well as the recitation of specific prayers.
Here are a few relevant passages from the Talmud, with analysis of the step-by-step you can read here:
- Tractate Berachot 33a: This passage discusses the requirement to bless over a cup of wine during Havdalah. It states that the blessing over wine should precede the blessings over spices and the candle.
- Tractate Berachot 51b: This passage addresses the blessing over spices during Havdalah. It mentions the custom of inhaling fragrant spices, such as cloves or cinnamon, to comfort the soul as the Sabbath departs.
- Tractate Pesachim 102a: This passage discusses the Havdalah candle and its importance in the ceremony. It mentions the use of a multi-wicked candle and highlights the significance of the light as a symbol of distinction and separation between the Sabbath and the rest of the week.
Throughout these discussions, the amoraim are concerned with the time one can perform this, who can say it, what the kavanah (intentionality) should be, and so much more.
It is important to note that while the Talmud provides guidance on the specific elements of Havdalah, additional details and especially local customs have been added over time to add beauty and meaning.
Therefore, while the Torah sets the foundation for the concept of “distinguishing between the holy and the profane”, the specific halachic details and practices of Havdalah are primarily derived from the Talmud and subsequent rabbinic literature. These sources have shaped the observance of Havdalah as it is practiced today, incorporating elements such as the blessings over wine, spices, and the candle, as well as the recitation of specific prayers, which serve to mark the end of the Sabbath and the beginning of the new week.
